Concerning agricultural productivity, land salinity is one of the major problems in Iran. In fact, a soil is called saline when it has an extract electrical conductivity testing index of higher than 2 ds/m. Sugarcane is ranked as a plant with a salinity threshold of 1.7 ds/m and with a varying sensitivity level ranging from moderate to sensitive. Sugarcane with suitable salts reduces the harmful side effects of salinity by making appropriate minerals. We should bear in mind that there is a significant negative relationship between land salinity increase and sugarcane GROWTH and production. Studies done in Haft Tapeh region, 'seven hills', Show that sugarcane production rate fluctuates depending on the density of soil salinity. For instance, sugarcane GROWTH is not affected in a soil with salinity up to 2ds/m, but the yield loss is greatly observed when the soil salinity grows upper than 4ds/m. Salinity tension has also adverse impacts on the GROWTH of sugarcane. On the one hand, while it decreases the percentage of the reducing substances (RS), it increases the rate of molasses. Regarding the reduction of GROWTH PARAMETERs and the corresponding effects of salinity and variety, sugarcane varieties show significant differences in their GROWTH and outputs. In resistant cultivars, the value of K+ and the soluble sugar in them are considerably more, but the amount of their proline is less than those of the sensitive cultivars. Studies done in terms of age show that the ratoon fields are much more sensitive to salinity phenomenon as such the yield reduction indicates a linear relationship to EC increase and the intensity of such a relationship in the fields with the new culture is less than the ratoon. This field experiment was carried out in Amir Kabir Agroindustrial Company during 2002-2003 culture periods. The experimental cultivars CP69, CP48, CP57, and CP70 were of S. officinarum types. In dry climates, a great part of the water, required for plants irrigation to be supplied, has a large amount of insoluble salt. Salinity control has always been an important iss\le in irrigation management. To do this, an optimal irrigation-managements required. It should be noted that high quality water is not always easily accessible; therefore, soil EC increase is something definitive particularly regarding the sugar high irrigation volume, about 30000m3/ha/y, and the special atmospheric conditions (high evaporation and perspiration rate) in, Khuzestan province. Furthermore, the studies already done in the above-stated region show that the per ton straw in terms of unit increase in EC (ds/m) has resulted in 3.9 tons product failure (r= -0.863). On the other hand, the average percentage (10.88%) of sugar production has been associated with the mean EC of 3.59 ds/m. The effect of sugar reduction in the first quarter of the harvest season was equivalent to 0.613 RS per unit increase in salinity, while it was 0.231 RS in the second quarter. All in all, decreasing trend of 0.416 RS per unit increase in EC indicates the reduction of the quality of sugarcane syrup as well as the increase in soil salinity. From the above-stated studies, it can be inferred that the decreasing trend of syrup quality in proportion to its salinity has been more in the beginning of the harvest season, but this trend could be gradually slowed down if it is precisely managed. Depending on such factors as regional soil texture, drainage conditions, Aystaby level, quality of irrigation water and underground water salinity in terms of rate, cultivated varieties production differences pop up.

In this article the influence of welding PARAMETERs such as electrical current, feed rate and stick out on crack GROWTH energy was investigated. Therefore, prepared specimens were welded in various conditions. Using the Minitab software, 18 states of 36 possible states were chosen and applied. Then a crack was crated on the weld metal and the force-displacement diagram was plotted. Comparison of results shows that in high electricity current, the extra heat flux is the dominant factor, which causes coarse grains of microstructures. On the other hand, in low electricity current, lack of fusion and penetration reduce the crack propagation energy. Furthermore, the neural network could predict the amount of energy with high accuracy.

Records of 3257 lambs of Zandi sheep breed, collected from 1991to 2003 in Khojir rearing and breeding station of Tehran province were used to estimate the genetic PARAMETERs for GROWTH traits (birth weight, weaning weight, body weight at 6, 9, and 12 months of ages) along with composite reproduction traits (total weight of lamb weaned per ewe joined through three consecutive parities. Based on univariate analysis, the best model for birth and weaning weights was model 3 (including direct and maternal additive genetic effects). Modell (including direct additive genetic effect) was the most appropriate model for body weight at 6, 9 and 12 months of ages. According to this model, the direct heritability estimates for GROWTH traits (from birth weight to body weight at 12 months of age) were 0.08±0.04, 0.20±0.05, 0.29±0.06, 0.25±0.06 and 0.35±0.07, respectively. Maternal heritabilities of 0.17±0.02 and 0.06±0.03 wares obtained for birth and weaning weights, respectively. Genetic PARAMETERs for composite reproduction traits were estimated using model 1. Heritability estimates of 0.06±0.08, 0.03±0.09, and 0.08±0.11 were obtained from first to third parity, respectively. Covariance components and correlations between GROWTH and composite reproduction traits were estimated on the basis of multivariate analysis, using the most appropriate model in univariate analysis. The highest additive genetic correlation among GROWTH and composite reproduction traits was obtained between weaning weight and TWW2/EJ (0.99). The corresponding estimate for additive genetic correlation among GROWTH traits was 0.99 (between weaning and body weights at 6 months of age). The results of this study indicated that selection on the basis of weaning weight can improve the post weaning and composite reproduction traits.

In order to study the effects of water stress on GROWTH PARAMETER of wheat at different phonological stages, this experiment was conducted as split plot design with four replication. Main plot were include: jointing stage, anthesis and seed filling period. Sub plot were: Irrigation at field capacity, 75% field capacity,50% field capacity,25% field capacity. The results showed the highest and lowest dry matter accumulation obtained with applying water stress treatment at jointing stage and seed filling stage, respectively. With increasing water stress, the amount of dry matter decreased significantly. Also in greater water stress the value of LAI and NAR decreased.

The objectives of this study were a) to compare GROWTH functions for describing the early GROWTH curve of Romane sheep based on weighing records, b) to estimate the heritability of the GROWTH curve PARAMETERs, and c) to estimate genetic PARAMETERs for 90-days-old bodyweight utilizing the data of earlier age. The raw data included 662 lambs (316 males and 346 females) bred at the Romane Sheep Research Center, INRAE, France. The studied trait was the bodyweight of lambs at birth, 15, 21, 35, 60, and 90 days of age. The number of measurements was approximately six for each animal. Dataset after mining consisted of 3261 weight records of 574 lambs. We applied four non-linear GROWTH functions, including Gompertz, Brody, Logistic, and Richard. The goodness of fit of the included models were compared using the Akaike information criterion (AIC), coefficient of determination (R2) and residual mean square (MSE). Predicting abilities of the included models were evaluated by comparing the predicted and observed phenotypes until 90 days of age. Genetic PARAMETERs of the non-linear functions were obtained using a specific two steps approach; in first step, the PARAMETERs of the different functions were estimated, and in the second, the PARAMETERs were considered as observations and we analyzed them using a multiple trait animal models. Residual mean square and R2 for the models of Brody, Gompertz, Logistic and Richards were 106.71 and 0.37, 4.79 and 0.94, 7.41 and 0.88, and 9.04 and 0.88, respectively. The Logistic function had the smallest AIC and MSE values, and also had the highest R2 value, indicating the best fit. The estimated heritability of the PARAMETERs in the logistic function were low (ranging from 0.007 to 0.017). In our study, the correlation between BV90 and BV35 was 0.5419 with a confidence interval of 0.469 - 0.608. Since BV90 and BV35 have a positive genetic correlation, BV35 could be used to select the lambs for best GROWTH until the slaughter age of Romane using the Logistic model

Introduction: Soil and water salinity in many parts of the world, especially in arid and semiarid areas, GROWTH limiting factor. In recent years, much research into adapting the plants to environmental stresses such as salinity. The Pistachio plant salt-tolerant, but the yield on high salinities and decreases severely affected. The present study was to the effect of salinity on the Relative GROWTH Rate, Net Assimilation Rate, Leaf Weight Ratio three cultivars of pistachio(Akbari, Aghaei, and Kalle-Ghuchi). Understanding the mechanisms of tolerance of crop plants to high concentrations of NaCl in soils may ultimately help to improve yield on saline lands. Esmaeilpour et al. (2019) observed that drought and salinity stress significantly reduces photosynthesis and stomatal conduction in pistachio trees, which is the fastest stomatal response of the plant to soil moisture conditions. The physiological response of the plant to the availability of soil water such as stomatal conduction and vascular sap movement is always a better indicator of plant moisture conditions compared to soil moisture and suction (Parry, 2014). Material and methods: The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design consisting of a 3×4 factorial combination of three pistachio cultivars and four salinity levels (1, 5, 10, and 15 dS/m sodium chloride) with three replications. Four pots were selected and harvested from each experimental unit before and after 30 and 60 days of salinity application. Then RGR, NARw, LWR calculated (formula 1, 2, 3). Data were analyzed by SPSS software and mean comparison was performed using the Duncan test at a 5% level. Excel software was used to draw charts. Results and discussion: Aghaei have a high amount of Relative GROWTH Rate, Net Assimilation Rate, Leaf Weight Ratio, and Root length at the highest levels of salinity (15 dS/m) and Akbari due to having less amount of Relative GROWTH Rate, Net Assimilation Rate, Leaf Weight Ratio, and Root length sensitive to salinity. Root density was evaluated as an indicator of root morphology. The effect of salinity on root length and density is shown in Table (3). Increasing salinity treatment from 1 to 15 dS/m, root length, and density decreased significantly at a 5% probability level. Conclusions: According to the results, salinity has a significant and direct effect on the Relative GROWTH Rate, Net Assimilation Rate, and Root morphology of three pistachio cultivars and is not significant in terms of leaf weight among the studied cultivars.

Post Keynesian GROWTH model considers the use of production factors as a function of production and introduces demand as the main determinant of economic GROWTH. Accordingly, Thirlwall (1979) presented a model suggesting that demand is restrained by the balance of payments deficit and turns into substantial limitations to achieve higher economic GROWTH rate owing to balance of payments deficit. This model is known as Thirlwall law or “ balance of payments constrained GROWTH model” . In this model the maximum rate of economic GROWTH consistent with the balance-of-payments equilibrium is figured out using income elasticity of import and export. Identifying the barriers to achieving the target GROWTH rate has been turned into one of the most controversial economic issues because of the challenges of low economic GROWTH in Iran. Thus this study is going to provide an answer to the question that, based on Thirlwall law, Whether the balance of payments deems obstacles to the target GROWTH rates of development programs for the Iran’ s economy or not? To accomplish this, first the long run cointegration relationship of import and export demand functions was approved by autoregressive distributed lag model (ARDL). Then, regarding the importance of the elasticities of above functions on the results of the study and removing the structural instability of the model coefficients, time– varying PARAMETER (TVP) and Kalman – filter were used to estimate the elasticities. Finally the validity of Thirlwall law was not confirmed during 1984-2013 applying Wald Test. Therefore, it can be claimed that aggregate demand has not restricted the economic GROWTH through the balance of payments. Low income elasticity of import, combination of imports, restrictions on imports and dependence of foreign trade on oil revenues are the most important reasons for the results.

Regarding the importance of the relationship between volume of liquidity and GDP in manufacturing sector policy making, using a time-varying PARAMETER (TVP) regression model and Kalman filter approach, the present research studies the GDP's response to effective variables such as capital, labor force, and in particular liquidity volume during the period of 1978-2015. The results of estimating the regression model with time varying PARAMETER and the study of the trend of the coefficients of explanatory variables over time show that these coefficients have not been constant over the period under study and have changed due to exogenous shocks such as revolution, war, oil price shocks, applied economic policies, structural changes, international political stances, and economic sanctions. By comparing the trend of changes in the GDP GROWTH rate with changes in the rate of GROWTH of liquidity, it can be said that the trend of changes in these two variables are not proportionate, showing that policy making in the monetary sector has not been efficient. Therefore, it is suggested that the central bank should have an appropriate operational independence and that the rate of liquidity GROWTH vary proportionately with the rate of GDP GROWTH.